🟢OSI Layers
Explore our detailed article on OSI Layers protocols tailored for pen-testers. Discover insights on vulnerabilities, security loopholes, and strategies for robust network defense.
Physical Layer (Layer 1)
Deals with the physical connection between devices, including the transmission and reception of raw bit streams over physical media such as cables or wireless.
Data Link Layer (Layer 2)
Responsible for creating a reliable link between two directly connected nodes, addressing errors in the physical layer and ensuring a consistent flow of data.
Network Layer (Layer 3)
Manages the routing of data packets between devices on different networks. It addresses logical addressing and determines the best path for data to reach its destination.
Transport Layer (Layer 4)
Ensures reliable data transfer between devices across a network. It handles end-to-end communication, error recovery, and flow control.
Session Layer (Layer 5)
Establishes, maintains, and terminates connections between applications. It manages sessions, allowing for data exchange and synchronization between applications on different devices.
Presentation Layer (Layer 6)
Handles data translation, encryption, and compression, ensuring that the data sent from the application layer of one system can be properly read by the application layer of another.
Application Layer (Layer 7)
Provides network services directly to end-users or applications. It enables communication between software applications, including functions like file transfers, email, and remote login.
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